Publications
Findings from the NLLFS are published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Below are the NLLFS publications to date, with the most recent articles listed first. E-publication is available to be read online or via a PDF download.
Articles
Carone, N., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., Bos, H.M.W., & Gartrell, N.K. (2024). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity among Donor-conceived Offspring in the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study from Adolescence to Adulthood. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-024-00945-0
Rothblum, E.D., Bos, H.M.W., Koh, A.S., Carone, N., & Gartrell, N.K. (2024). Adult Offspring of Lesbian Parents Reflect on Having Been Donor Conceived: Feelings About Their Sperm Donor and Donor Siblings. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000256
Koh, A.S., Bos, H.M.W., Rothblum, E.D., Carone, N., & Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Donor Sibling Relations Among Adult Offspring Conceived via Insemination by Lesbian Parents, Human Reproduction, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dead175
Rothblum, E.D., Bos, H.M.W., Carone, N., Koh, A.S., & Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Adults Conceived via Donor Insemination by Lesbian Parents Reflect on Their Own Future Parenting Plans (and Their Own Parents Reflect on Being Grandparents), LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2023.2254270
Koh, A.S., Rothblum, E.D., Bos, H.M.W., Carone, N., & Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Sperm Donor Relations Among Adult Offspring Conceived via Insemination by Lesbian Parents, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2023.2227867
Bos, H.M.W., Carone, N., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., Gartrell, N.K. (2023). Long-term Effects of Family Resilience on the Subjective Well-being of Offspring in the National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6): 5149. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph20065149
Carone, N., Gartrell, N.K., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., Bos, H.M.W. (2022). Helicopter Parenting, Emotional Avoidant Coping, Mental Health, and Homophobic Stigmatization Among Emerging Adult Offspring of Lesbian Parents, Journal of Family Psychology, 36(7), 1205–1215. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001020
Everett, B.G., Bos, H., Carone, N., Gartrell, N., & Hughes, T.L. (2022) Examining Differences in Alcohol and Smoking Behaviors between Parenting and Nonparenting Lesbian Women, Substance Use & Misuse, 57(9), 1442–1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2091145
Zarr, S., Carone, N., Gartrell, N.K., Koh, A.S., & Bos, H.M.W. (2022). Concerns of emerging adults who were born and raised in planned lesbian-parent families, Children and Youth Services Review, 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106430
Carone, N., Gartrell, N.K., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., & Bos, H.M.W. (2021) The Stability of Psychological Adjustment Among Donor-conceived Offspring in the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study from Childhood to Adulthood: Differences by Donor Type, Fertility and Sterility, 115(5), 1302–1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.12.012
Bos, H., Carone, N., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A., Gartrell, N. (2021) Long-Term Effects of Homophobic Stigmatization During Adolescence on Problem Behavior in Emerging Adult Offspring of Lesbian Parents, Journal of Youth and Adolescence.
Gartrell, N. (2021) Overview of the 35-year U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family and Its 92% Retention Rate, Journal of GLBT Family Studies.
Koh, A., van Geusekom, G., Gartrell, N., & Bos, H. (2020) Adult Offspring of Lesbian Parents: How Do They Relate to Their Sperm Donors? Fertility and Sterility.
Bos, H., Koh, A.S., Van Beusekom, G., Rothblum, E.D., Gartrell, N. (2019) Meaning in Life as a Moderator between Homophobic Stigmatization and Coping Styles in Adult Offspring from Planned Lesbian-Parent Families, Sexuality Research and Social Policy.
Gartrell, N., Rothblum, E.D., Koh, A.S., Van Beusekom, G., & Bos, H. (2019) "We Were Among the First Non-traditional Families": Thematic Perceptions of Lesbian Parenting After 25 Years, Frontiers in Psychology.
Gartrell, N., Bos, H., & Koh, A. (2019) Sexual Attraction, Sexual Identity, and Same-sex Sexual Experiences of Adult Offspring in the US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study, Archives of Sexual Behavior.
Koh, A., Bos, H., & Gartrell, N. (2019) Predictors of Mental Health in Emerging Adult Offspring of Lesbian-parent Families, Journal of Lesbian Studies.
Gartrell, N., Bos, H., & Koh, A. (2018) National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study—Mental Health of Adult Offspring, New England Journal of Medicine.
Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., Goldberg, N.G., Deck, A., & van Gelderen, L. (2015) Satisfaction with Known, Open-Identity, or Unknown Sperm Donors: Reports from Lesbian Mothers of 17-year-old Adolescents, Fertility and Sterility.
van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., & Hermanns, J. (2013) Stigmatization and Promotive Factors in Relation to Psychological Health and Life Satisfaction of Adolescents in Planned Lesbian Families, Journal of Family Issues, 34, 809-827. doi: 10.1177/0192513X12447269.
Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., & van Gelderen, L. (2013) Adolescents in Lesbian Families: DSM-Oriented Scale Scores and Stigmatization, Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 25:2, 121-140.
Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., Peyser, H., et al. (2012) Adolescents with Lesbian Mothers Describe Their Own Lives. Journal of Homosexuality, 59:9, 1211-1229.
Bos, H.M.W., Goldberg, N., van Gelderen, L., & Gartrell, N. (2012) Male Role Models, Gender Role Traits, and Psychological Adjustment. Gender & Society. DOI: 10.1177/0891243212445465.
van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., et al. (2012) Stigmatization associated with growing up in a lesbian-parented family: What do adolescents experience and how do they deal with it? Children and Youth Services Review. DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.048.
van Gelderen, L., Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., et al. (2012) Quality of Life of Adolescents Raised from Birth by Lesbian Mothers. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 33(1):1-7.
Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., & Goldberg, N. (2011) New Trends in Same-Sex Sexual Contact for American Adolescents? Archives of Sexual Behavior. DOI 10.1007/s10508-011-9883-5.
Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., Peyser, H., et al. (2011) Family Characteristics, Custody Arrangements, and Adolescent Psychological Well-being after Lesbian Mothers Break Up. Family Relations. 60:572-585. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00667.x.
Goldberg, N.G., Bos, H.M.W., & Gartrell, N. (2011) Substance use by adolescents of the USA national longitudinal lesbian family study. Journal of Health Psychology. doi:10.1177/1359105311403522.
Bos, H.M.W., & Gartrell, N. (2011) Adolescents of the USA National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Can Family Characteristics Counteract the Negative Effects of Stigmatization? Family Process. 49:559–572.
Bos, H.M.W. & Gartrell, N. (2010) Adolescents of the US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: the impact of having a known or an unknown donor on the stability of psychological adjustment. Human Reproduction. doi:10.1093/humrep/deq359.
Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., & Goldberg, N. (2010) Adolescents of the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Sexual Orientation, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Risk Exposure. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9692-210.1007/s.
Gartrell, N., & Bos, H.M.W. (2010) US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Psychological Adjustment of 17-Year-Old Adolescents. Pediatrics. 126(1):1-9.
van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H.M.W., et al. (2009) Stigmatization and resilience in adolescent children of lesbian mothers. Journal of GLBT Family Studies. 5(3):268-279.
Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., Peyser H., et al. (2008) The USA national longitudinal lesbian family study: Homophobia, psychological adjustment, and protective factors. Journal of Lesbian Studies. 12(4):455-471.
Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., Van Balen F., Peyser H., et al. (2008) Children in planned lesbian families: A cross-cultural comparison between the USA and the Netherlands. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 78(2):211-219.
Gartrell, N., Rodas C., Deck A., et al. (2006) The USA national lesbian family study: 5. Interviews with mothers of ten-year-olds. Feminism & Psychology. 16(2):175-192.
Gartrell, N., Deck A., Rodas C., et al. (2005) The national lesbian family study: 4. Interviews with the 10-year-old children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 75:518-524.
Gartrell, N., Banks A., Reed N., Hamilton J., et al. (2000) The national lesbian family study: 3. Interviews with mothers of five-year-olds. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 70:542-548.
Gartrell, N., Banks A., Hamilton J., et al. (1999) The national lesbian family study: 2. Interviews with mothers of toddlers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 69:362-369.
Gartrell, N., Hamilton J., Banks A., et al. (1996) The national lesbian family study: 1. Interviews with prospective mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 66:272-281.
Related Articles
Assink, B., & Bos, H. M. W. (2023). Gay Community Stress in Sexual Minority Men and Women: A Validation Study in the Netherlands, Journal of Homosexuality. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2023.2231119
De Lange, J., Van Bergen D., Bokser, R., & Bos, H. M. W. (2023). LHBT! Jongeren en Suïcidaliteit: Ontstaan en Hulpbehoeften [LGBTQ Youth and Suicidality: Origins and Help Needs], Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen, 101, 41-45. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12508-023-00395-w
Shenkman, G., Bos, H. M. W., d'Amore, S., & Carone, N. (2023). Mental Health Disparities between Lesbian and Heterosexual Parents: The Mediating Role of Positivity, Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00800-8
Shenkman, G., Carone, N., Mouton, B., D'Amore, S., & Bos, H. M.W. (2023). Assisted Conception Socialization Self-Efficacy, Parental Mental Health, and Child Externalizing Problems Among Israeli Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parent Families, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32, 180-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02286-1
Carone, N. (2022). Family Alliance and Intergenerational Transmission of Coparenting in Gay and Heterosexual Single-Father Families through Surrogacy: Associations with Child Attachment Security, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7713.
Carone, N., Innocenzi, E., & Lingiardi, V. (2022). Peer Microaggressions and Social Skills among School-Age Children of Sexual Minority Parents through Assisted Reproduction: Moderation via the Child-Teacher Relationship, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(6), 1210–1229.
De Lange, J., Baams, L., Bos, H., Bosker, R., Dumon, E., Portzky, G., Robinson, J., & Van Bergen, D. (2022). Moderating Role of Coping in the Association between Minority Stress and Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts among Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults, Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 52 (6), 1178–1192. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12913
De Lange, J., Baams, L., Van Bergen, Bos, H. M. W., Bosker, R. J. (2022). Minority Stress and Suicidality among LGBT Adolescents and Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis, LGBT Health. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2021.0106
Koh, A.S. (2022) Neglected intrauterine device migration complications: Case reports, Women's Health Reports. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2022.0099.
Mazrekaj, D., Fischer, M., & Bos, & H. M. W. (2022). Behavioral Outcomes of Children with Same-Sex Parents, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (10), 5922-5934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105922
Shenkman, G., Carone, N., D'Amore, S., Mouton, B., & Bos, H. M. W. (2022). The Desire for more Children among Israeli Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Couples who Became Parents through Assisted Reproduction, Journal of Family Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001024
Van der Vaart, L. R., Verveen, A., Bos, H. M. W., Van Rooij, F. B., & Steensma, T. D. (2022). Differences in Self-Perception and Social Gender Status in Children with Gender Incongruence, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27 (4), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221099394
Ellis-Davies, K., Van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Winstanley, A., Helmerhorst, K. O., Rubio, B., Vecho, O., Lamb, M. E., & Bos, H. M. (2022). Parental Sensitivity and Intrusiveness in Gay-, Lesbian-, and Heterosexual-parent Families with Infants Conceived Using Artificial Reproductive Techniques: Do Parents' Gender and Caregiver Role Matter? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 58, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.09.002
Assink, M., Rothblum, E.D., Wilson, B.D.M., Gartrell, N., & Bos, H.M.W. (2021) Mental Health of Lesbian, Bisexual, and Other-Identified Parents and Non-Parents from a Population-Based Study. Journal of Homosexuality. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.1892401
Carone, N., Barone, L., Lingiardi, V., Baiocco, R., & Brodzinsky, D. (2021). Factors associated with behavioral adjustment in children of gay and heterosexual single fathers through surrogacy during middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 57(4), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001155
Carone, N., Bos, H. M., Shenkman, G., & Tasker, F. (2021). LGBTQ Parents and their Children During the Family Life Cycle. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 345–348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643647
Carone, N., Manzi, D., Barone, L., Lingiardi, V., Baiocco, R., & Bos, H. M. (2021). Gay Fathers Through Cross-border Surrogacy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Mental Health and Father-child Bonding. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 43 (4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.05.023
Schrijvers, A., Kan, K.J., Van der Veen, F., Visser, M., Bos, H., Mochtar, M., & Van Rooij, F. (2021). Unmet Support Needs in Donor Sperm Treatment: Consequences for Parents and their Donor-children. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.12.009
Van Rooij, F. B., Bos, H. M. W., Gerrits, T., Hiadzi, R. A., & Donkor, E. S. (2020). The Relationship between Stigmatisation and Quality of Life in Ghanaian Women and Men with Fertility Problems: Mediating Role of Coping Strategies. Facts, Views & Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 12(4), 257-2464.
Carone N., Rothblum, E.D., Bos, H., Gartrell, N., Herman, J. (2020). Demographics and Health Outcomes in a U.S. Probability Sample of Transgender Parents. Journal of Family Psychology. http://dx.coi.org/10.1037/fam0000776
Rothblum, E.D., Balsam, K.F., Riggle, E.D.B., Rostosky, S.S., & Wickham, R.E. (2020). Studying the Longest 'Legal' U.S. Same-Sex Couples: A Case of Lessons Learned. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 16:3, 259-276, DOI: 10.1080/1550428X.2019.1626787.
Green, R.-J., Rubio, R.J., Rothblum, E.D., Bergman, K., & Katuzny, K.E. (2019). Gay fathers by surrogacy: Prejudice, parenting and well-being of female and male children. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(3), 269-283. doi:org/10.1037/sgd0000325.
Bos, H.M.W., Kuyper, L., Gartrell, N.K. (2018) A Population-Based Comparison of Female and Male Same-Sex Parent and Different-Sex Parent Households. Family Process, 57(1), 148-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12278
Bos, H.M.W., Knox, J.R., van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N.K. (2016) Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Households and Child Health Outcomes: Findings from the National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Volume 37, Issue 3, 1-9.
Video
Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics is hosting a video abstract presentation by Dr. Nanette Gartrell on the paper "Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Households and Child Health Outcomes: Findings from the National Survey of Children's Health."
van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Bos, H.M.W., & Gartrell, N. (2015) Dutch adolescents from lesbian-parent families: How do they compare to peers with heterosexual parents and what is the impact of homophobic stigmatization? Journal of Adolescence, 40, 65-73.
Bos H., van Gelderen, L., & Gartrell, N. (2014) Lesbian and Heterosexual Two-Parent Families: Adolescent–Parent Relationship Quality and Adolescent Well-Being. Journal of Child and Family Studies. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-9913-8.
Bos, H.M.W., Gartrell, N., Roeleveld J., & Ledoux G. (2013) Civic Competence of Dutch Children in Female Same-Sex Parent Families: A Comparison With Children of Opposite-Sex Parents. Youth & Society. DOI: 10.1177/0044118X13502366.
Book Chapters
Goldberg A.E., & Gartrell, N. (2014). LGB-Parent Families: The Current State of the Research and Directions for the Future. In J. Benson (Ed)., Advances in Child Development and Behavior (46: 57-88). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bos, H.M.W. (2013). Lesbian-mother families formed through donor insemination. In A.E. Goldberg, & K.R. Allen (Eds.), LGBT-Parent Families: Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice. New York, NY: Springer.
Gartrell, N., Peyser H., & Bos, H.M.W. (2012) Planned lesbian families: A review of the U.S.A. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study. In D.M. Brodzinsky & A. Pertman (Eds.), Adoption by Lesbians and Gay Men: A New Dimension in Family Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
